Plan for Positive Influence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Plan for Positive Influence - Essay Example In our society, individuals with different responsibilities and with different titles do important work. In the context of business, restaurant manager, chairperson, dean, production manager, governor, and human resources manager are some of the titles associated with the position of management in different parts of the globe. These individuals may work in different types of organizations with different purposes; however, they all have one thing in common. They practice management and they make efforts to manage arrangement of the work, in order to ensure cooperation among the workers, employees, staff, etc. (Hayes, 2002) Additionally, they ensure positive influence at workplace, which is essential for the success of any business organization. It is observed that during social communications and interactions, communicative algorithms play an important role that have been referred as interpersonal skills, which facilitate and impact significantly on positivity of the workplace. Within business organizations, social communication and interactions is the major tool that is utilized by managers to operate and manage the employees in an efficient manner. In other words, interpersonal skills can be referred as an art that is used at the time of interacting with one another. It is indicated by the experts that interpersonal skills are key factors in the reduction of conflict within the workplace, and managers should refer these skills as a communicative respect for the workers. It is an observation that tasks are completed efficiently and professionally, when the information is obtained, processed, and employed with the help of interpersonal skills by the employees, especially the managers in an organization. (Gootnick, 1999) For instance, the interpersonal skill trains the manager to interrupt work of an employee with

Speed Quality in Apparent Motion Essay Example for Free

Speed Quality in Apparent Motion Essay ABSTRACT Seven participants each viewed two flipbooks of slow and fast speeds of hand-drawn dots and stick figures. By counterbalancing the conditions, each participant watched the flipbooks according to the sequential order. After viewing either the slow or fast flipbooks, a questionnaire was used to collect and calculate raw data of the experience; which concerned realness, enjoy ability, smoothness, and speed quality. Hypothesizing how speed affects the quality of a flipbook supports Gestalt’s theory and dynamic case of apparent motion perceived. However, contradicting and compromising with the low-speed assumption and case first reported by Wallach. Introduction A popular and thorough explanation for brain and visual functioning, perception, and sensation is known as ‘Gestalt Theory.’ Gestalt theory explains that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Individual parts alone cannot conclude to be as great or effective as the whole entirely. This is important to recognize because a better understanding of why and how the world is viewed as a whole picture can be related to real world instances. Such as in motion pictures and in flipbooks, which helps to differentiate between perceiving apparent motion and actual, real motion. For instance, we involuntarily blink our eyes everyday, and although this is an action of real motion, apparent motion plays its part by filling in the blanks of blackness or darkness when blinking occurs. Furthermore, the theory then can translate to: the whole experience of sensation and perception is greater than the sum of individual parts of sensation and perception. The theories of Gestalt help to explain extraordinary circumstances and phenomena’s of perception that are experienced in life, whether that may be visual or auditory illusions as well. In particular,  apparent motion is a more specific area of study in Gestalt theory which touches upon this psychological and perceptual experience. Apparent motion previously studied suggests that it â€Å"may result when stationary stimuli are presented sequentially to different retinal locations. Apparent motion is inferred from information about change in position. (Green, 1983).†The successive presentation elicits an impression of motion (Sato, 1989).† â€Å"The perception of motion depends on the integration of visual information over space and time.(Snowden, 1990).† This information subsequently leads to the research question to pursue of: does speed effect the quality of apparent motion perceived in a flipbook? It may seem like a simple question to ask, but also factoring in a questionnaire, participant feelings, two flipbooks of with two speed settings of slow and fast, and different colored pages can lead to possible, unsuspecting findings about the phenomena of apparent motion; which has mostly been individually considered in previous studies. There has been many studies on dot patterns, biological factors, vision, sound perception, and real motion in relation to apparent motion. So, this experiment is quite different than the usual, although it may be as simple as using a flipbook and participants. However, previous studies helped strengthen the answers of the research question and hypothesis. Therefore, supporting studies reported by Gepshstein and Kubovy (2007) suggest that: for every speed, there â€Å"exists a condition for which contrast sensitivity is maximal.† They also found results that determined speed concludes the regime of motion; which can strengthen the hypothesis of speed effecting apparent motion being perceived. Method Participants. Seven participants from Connecticut participated in an independent research project concerning a class of psychological sensation and perception. There were four males and three females who had normal to corrected vision. Participants ranged from 21 to 52 years of age. Materials. Two hand drawn flipbooks were created by using bamboo paper and binder clips. A Likert rating scale was used as the method of answering questions. Design and Analysis. The experiment was a 2 (sequence: flipbook A and flipbook B or flipbook B and flipbook A) X 2(speed: fast or slow) design with four questions manipulated between subjects. There were two  independent variables in this study, which were the flipbooks and the questions. The flipbooks had two levels of fast and slow; the fast flipbook (A) consisted of all the same colored paper and an image of a ball in different locations on the ascending pages. The slow flipbook (B) had different colored pages of paper on every other page, on every other page there was not any image drawn on it. This flipbook had a drawing of a stick figure walking and bumping into a wall. The dependent variable was the effect of speed quality through the obtained scores from participants from the questionnaire. Since there were not many participants available for this experiment, it was necessary to counterbalance the conditions. The first participant seen the fast flipbook first, then took the Likert scale questionnaire; secondly, the slow flipbook was shown to the first participant afterwards and then answering the questionnaire. The second participant was shown the slow flipbook first, then took the questionnaire, following that the fast flipbook was shown second and then the questionnaire was answered. The questionnaire was made up of four questions. This would continuously go on from participant to participant until the last, seventh participant. From these factors, a two-way, within-subjects ANOVA of within-subjects was the design Procedure Participants were seated at a table and were informed that they would be participating in an experiment and to answer all questions honestly. Then, the first flipbook was presented to the participant by the experimenter whom operated both of the flip books which accurately set the speeds. This happened continuously until the last participant. There were two trials of this experiment, which consisted of showing a fast flipbook (A) and slow flipbook (B). Upon completion of watching each flipbook, participants were questioned about their experience by using the Likert Scale rating. The responses were collected and recorded in Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS 20. The experiment lasted about 35 minutes. Results The main effect of flipbook responses for flipbook A (fast) had a mean of M=3.36. The responses for flipbook B (slow) had a mean of M=2.14 (see table 1 and figure 1). A two-way, within-subjects ANOVA illustrated that the  difference between the mean of flip book A and flipbook B was statistically significant; F(1,6)=12.892, p0.05. The error bars represent the standard error of means (SEM) and flipbook A SEM=0.31 and flipbook B SEM=0.51.The main effect of flipbook was significant due to speed manipulation. Flipbook A had the highest score of the two, which made it the fastest and flipbook B the slowest. The main effect of questions (see table 2 and figure 2) response for question 1 had a mean of M=2.43. Question 2 had a mean of M=2.57, question 3 had a mean of M=2.07, and question 4 had a mean of M=3.93. Based on a two-way, within-subjects ANOVA, the results showed the questions were a statistically significant factor of the experiment; F(3,18)=3.627, p0.05. However, the questions as well differed irrespective of speed quality (Q4A/B). This showed the differences among the four question conditions were impactful in determining other factors such as animation realness (Q1A/B), enjoyment (Q2A/B), and smoothness (Q3A/B). | Table 2: main effect of questions| | | | Q1 Mean| Q2 Mean| Q3 Mean| Q4 Mean| Mean| 2.43| 2.57| 2.07| 3.93| SD| 2.31| 1.87| 2.27| 2.13| SEM| 0.62| 0.50| 0.61| 0.57| The interaction effect between the flipbooks (shown in figure below) and the questions showed that in flipbook A the mean values for the questions were as the following: Question 1 mean M=2.57, question 2 mean M=1.71, question 3 mean M=4.14, question 4 mean M=5.00. In flipbook B the mean values for are as follows: Question 1 mean M=2.29, question 2 mean M=3.43, question 3 mean M=0.00, and question 4 mean M=2.86. This shows that the interaction between the flipbooks and questions were highly significant and falls on a boundary as reported by the two-way, within-subjects ANOVA; F(3,18)=8.144, p=0.001. However, the questions differed irrespective of the speed. The questions received different scores, however not too different to make it insignificant. It had nothing to do with the speed manipulation; rather it showed the differences among the four question conditions were impactful in determining other factors such as realness (Q1A/B), enjoyment (Q2A/B), and smoothness (Q3A/B). Q1 asked about the realness of the animations and they were perceived as real regarding both. The scores show that flipbook A was a little more real than flipbook B by a 0.28 difference of interaction. Q2 asked about the enjoyment of the flipbook and showed that flipbook B was more enjoyable than flipbook A by a 1.72 difference of interaction. Q3 showed that flipbook A was most smooth than flipbook B, and that flipbook B had no perceived smoothness. Q4 showed that speed mattered and affected the quality most in flipbook A, and flipbook B had the slowest speed of the two. The impact of experimental manipulation has shown to be significant between the two independent variables of flipbooks and questions. Discussion The hypothesis in question was to discover if speed affects the quality of apparent motion perceived in a flipbook through research and experimentation. Results indicate that the hypothesis was supported because speed did matter according to the findings. Gepshtein Kubovy (2007) indicated that motion was not always seen along the slower path. It was interesting to find out that the slower flipbook was determined to be most enjoyable in this experiment when interactions were looked at (see figure 3). In Gepshtein Kubovy’s study, they challenged Wallach’s previous study about low-speed assumption, which viewed low speed as prevailing when in competition with faster speeds. However, the results of their existing theory and experiments that challenged Wallach’s found that the ratio of two speeds were always less than unified. Which means motion was not always seen along the slower path. These results may be different because of altering procedures between the two studies, but the most current  research conducted by them indicates what is most rationale when deterring speed effectiveness. In flipbook B, every other page was a different color. The pages that had different colors also did not have any drawings or images on them This was a technique used to find out more through speed manipulation. In a previous study, Giaschi and Anstis (1989) reported that â€Å"apparent motion created by two spots illuminated in alternation looks faster when there is a dark temporal interval between the offset of one spot and the onset of the other than when spots are presented immediately after one another, even though the temporal frequency and spatial seperation spots are held constant.† This helped to support the added feature of flipbook B, which had alternating, darker colored pages. This can be a potential reason as to why the flipbook was most enjoyable than the fast flipbook A; this finding can be a contributing factor for the real world because it can often be assumed that if things move fast (er), then it is better or more enjoyable. On the contrary, it can be more desirable for things to be slowed down, even if by a few seconds, so to give an audience more time to process and comprehend what is happening. It can also aid in exposing people to pay more attention to detail and to be more particular in such a fast paced society. Although slow motion may often be seen as less effective, this does not mean it is less important. Gephstein Kubovy’s study contrasted with Wallach’s theory, but Wallach’s findings occurred between the 1930’s and 1970’s, so in more earlier and previous times his participants may have been more accustomed to slower occurrences; compared to the 21st century’s faster moving conditions. Although the hypothesis was supported by the findings and other scholarly studies, it can as well be assumed that the results could be better and stronger if there were not any major limitations of the experiment. Limitations such as not having a not having the desired facilities and equipment; for instance, in a laboratory designated only for participants or equipment such as MRI machines to factor in brain functioning and perception. It would have also been nice to have more time to conduct this study over months or even years. The use of mathematical equations and  theories might have been important. Being able to have a wide range of participants would be of importance so to look at education level, gender, race, and age to see if those factors bring about any disadvantages, advantages, patterns and/or similarities. Having multiple speeds would have been interesting to add into the experiment. Taking into consideration the amount of pages and certain colors which could effect perception further. Lastly, having considered the son and mother used in the experiment would be interesting to learn if there is some sort of similarities and/or differences between parents and their children. In the future these can be improved so to come across more findings, unsuspecting conditions and/or disregarding current information for a more updated viewpoint. The experiment may have been effected by error, such as by participant misunderstanding or misleading answers that may have been more desirable than another. It may have been an error to counterbalance conditions and control the experiment in that way by manipulating speed and sequence of the flipbooks. There was not much mathematics involved so there were no errors of numbers and data, but the procedure as mentioned potentially could have been. Cumulatively, Gestalt’s theory ties all of this information in to help better understand why we perceive the way we do and how we perceive this, as mentioned in the Introduction. When we see the world as one entire picture rather than one individual part, it assists in humans having an overall pleasurable experience when viewing, perceiving, and sensing the world. Apparent motion strengthens our abilities to think fast and fill in all of the blanks necessary to cumulatively understand any myriad of circumstances. As mentioned in the Introduction, blinking can fill in the blanks that our visual system processes in order to elude an illusionary, motion picture so to view the world as a whole, and not by just parts. This is a concept important to understand and cherish when applied to daily lives because it can help to be appreciative that we view the world so concisely and promptly, when in reality it is not as fast paced as assumed. Concerning flipbook B (slow), it could be advantageous to notice individual parts leading to better comprehension, when noticing entireties. All in all,  there are interrelated factors which tie speed, space, time, apparent motion, real motion, perception, and sensation into many theories of Gestalt. One without the other would not be as effective as when all used wholly. References 1. Gepshtein, S., Kubovy, M. (2007). The lawful perception of apparent motion. Journal of Vision, 7(8), 1-15. 2. Giaschi, D., Anstis, S. (1989). The less you see it, the faster it moves: Shortening the â€Å"on-time† speeds up apparent motion, Vision Research, Volume 29, Issue 3. 3. Green, Marc. Inhibition and facilitation of apparent motion by real motion, Vision Research, Volume 23, Issue 9, 1983, Pages 861-865. 4. Sato, Takao. Reversed apparent motion with random dot patterns, Vision Research, Volume 29, Issue 12, 1989, Pages 1749-1758, ISSN 0042-6989, 10.1016/0042-6989(89)90157-0. 5. Snowden, R. J., Braddick, O., J. (1990) Differences in the processing of short-range apparent motion at small and large displacements, Vision Research, 1211-1222. Volume 30, Issue 8.

A Midsummer Nights Dream, Much Ado About Nothing, and Measure for Measure :: comparison compare contrast essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeare's comedies A Midsummers Night's Dream and Much Ado About Nothing have many parallels while Measure for Measure is a problem play with a completely different tone.   Comparing and contrasting these three plays provides insights into the views of Shakespeare concerning comedy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A Midsummer Night's Dream is a festive comedy.   The play takes place in June and this is a bewitched time.   In the spring the custom is to celebrate the return of fertility to the earth.   During   this time the young people spend the night in the woods to celebrate.   Shakespeare uses the greenworld pattern in this play.   The play begins in the city, moves out to the country and then back to the city.   Being in the country makes things better because there is tranquility, freedom and people can become uncivilized versus when they are in the city and have to follow customs and laws and behave rationally.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Comedies contain blocking figures and in this play it is Egeus.   If he was not in the way, Hermia could marry Lysander.   Since he is causing problems in his daughters life by trying to make her marry Demetrius, this begins the journey into the woods.   Egeus threatened Hermia with death if she were to marry Lysander so she thinks the only way they can be together is to run away.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One strange element is why Egeus was so set on Hermia marrying Demetrius.   Lysander came from as good a family as Demetrius.   Both were well possessed with property and money so Egeus's power is made to seem senseless.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The play moves into the woods which is haunted by fairies who are there to bless the wedding of Theseus and Hippolyta.   The quarreling between Oberon and Titania over the changeling boy leads to the king wanting to embarrass Titania with the love juice by making her fall in love with a monster.   The first person she sees is Bottom and she falls violently in love with him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Oberon is making a spectacle of Titania and Bottom.  Ã‚   It is ridiculous that she is in love with him because he is from such a lower class than her, he is human and she is a fairy, and he has the head of an ass.   She is also a queen and he is an uneducated working man and a match like this would never happen.   Bottom has such a problem with language.

Free Essays: There is No Certainty in Dover Beach :: Arnold Dover Beach Essays

There is No Certainty in Dover Beach How can life or anything be so wonderful, but at times seem so unbearable? This is a question that Matthew Arnold may have asked himself one day, while writing Dover Beach. This is a poem about a sea and a beach that is truly beautiful, but hold much deeper meaning than what meets the eye. The poem is written in free verse with no particular meter or rhyme scheme, although some of the words do rhyme. Arnold is the speaker speaking to someone he loves. As the poem progresses, the reader sees why Arnold poses the question stated above, and why life seems to be the way it is. During the first part of the poem Arnold states, "The Sea is calm tonight" and in line 7, "Only, from the long line of spray". In this way, Arnold is setting the mood or scene so the reader can understand the point he is trying to portray. In lines 1-6 he is talking about a very peaceful night on the ever so calm sea, with the moonlight shining so intensely on the land. Then he states how the moonlight "gleams and is gone" because the "cliffs of England" are standing at their highest peaks, which are blocking the light of the moon. Next, the waves come roaring into the picture, as the y "draw back and fling the pebbles" onto the shore and back out to sea again. Arnold also mentions that the shore brings "the eternal note of sadness in", maybe representing the cycles of life and repetition. Arnold then starts describing the history of Sophocle's idea of the "Aegean's turbid ebb and flow". The sea is starting to become rougher and all agitated. Also the mention of "human misery" implies that life begins and ends, but it can still be full of happiness, and unfortunately, at the same time, sadness. "The Sea of Faith was once, too, at the full, and round earth's shore." The key word in that stanza is once, because it implies that he (Arnold) used to look at the sea in a different way than he does now. Throughout the whole poem, Arnold uses a metaphor to describe his views and opinions. Now he only hears its "melancholy, long, withdrawing roar." It seems as though Arnold is questioning his own faith. The whole poem is based on a metaphor - Sea to Faith.

Displays the result Essay

To improve legibility the comments are displayed to the right of every TOM line of code, and not in the standard style. read keyin Reads data inputted by keyboard and stores in the store location keyin load keyin Loads data from the store location keyin in to the accumulator sub minus Subtracts the store location minus from the accumulator store display Stores value in accumulator in the store location display print display Displays contents of the store location display on the screen stop Stops program execution minus data. 1 Initialises a store location minus with the value 1 in it keyin data 0 Initialises a store location keyin with the value 0 in it display data 0 Initialises a store location display with the value 0 in it 2. Write a TOM program that reads a number from the keyboard, multiplies it by 2, reads another number b from the keyboard, multiplies it by 3, and then displays the result. In other words, evaluate 2*a+3*b. read keyin1 Reads data inputted by keyboard and stores in the store location keyin1 load keyin1 Loads data from the store location keyin1 in to the accumulator mult val1 Multiplies the accumulator by the store location val1 store display Stores value in accumulator in the store location display read keyin2. Reads data inputted by keyboard and stores in the store location keyin2 load keyin2 Loads data from the store location keyin2 in to the accumulator mult val2 Multiplies the accumulator by the store location val2 add display Adds the store location display to the accumulator store total Stores value in accumulator in the store location total print total Displays contents of the store location total on the screen stop Stops program execution val1 data 2 Initialises a store location val1 with the value 2 in it val2 data. 3 Initialises a store location val2 with the value 3 in it keyin1 data 0 Initialises a store location keyin1 with the value 0 in it keyin2 data 0 Initialises a store location keyin2 with the value 0 in it display data 0 Initialises a store location display with the value 0 in it total data 0 Initialises a store location total with the value 0 in it 3. Write a TOM program that displays two numbers, entered from the keyboard, in descending numerical order. read keyin1 Reads data inputted by keyboard and stores in the store location keyin1 read keyin2. Reads data inputted by keyboard and stores in the store location keyin2 load keyin1 Loads data from the store location keyin1 in to the accumulator sub keyin2 Subtracts the store location keyin2 from the accumulator jifz lower Transfers control to the instruction lower if the zero flag is set print keyin1 Displays contents of the store location keyin1 on the screen print keyin2 Displays contents of the store location keyin2 on the screen stop Stops program execution lower print keyin2 Displays contents of the store location keyin2 on the screen print keyin1. Displays contents of the store location keyin1 on the screen stop Stops program execution keyin1 data 0 Initialises a store location keyin1 with the value 0 in it keyin2 data 0 Initialises a store location keyin2 with the value 0 in it 4. Write a TOM program that reads a number N from the keyboard and displays the sum of all integers from 1 to N i. e. 1+2+3+†¦ +N. read keyin. Reads data inputted by keyboard and stores in the store location keyin loop load sofar Loads data from the store location sofar in to the accumulator add one Adds the store location one to the accumulator store sofar Stores value in accumulator in the store location sofar add total Adds the store location total to the accumulator store total Stores value in accumulator in the store location total load sofar Loads data from the store location sofar in to the accumulator sub keyin Subtracts the store location keyin from the accumulator jifn loop. Transfers control to the instruction loop if the sign flag is set print total Displays contents of the store location total on the screen stop Stops program execution keyin data 0 Initialises a store location keyin with the value 0 in it one data 1 Initialises a store location one with the value 1 in it sofar data 0 Initialises a store location sofar with the value 0 in it total data 0 Initialises a store location total with the value 0 in it Alternatively, a more mathematical approach would be to use the below program. Observing the numbers inputted and outputted from the above program, I was able to find a relationship between the two numbers, this can be summarised by the below formula: (N x 0. 5) + 0. 5 x N = TOTAL The program using the above formula is simpler to write, uses far less processor cycles, and therefore far more efficient. read keyin Reads data inputted by keyboard and stores in the store location keyin load keyin Loads data from the store location keyin in to the accumulator mult val Multiplies. the accumulator by the store location val add val Adds the store location val to the accumulator mult keyin Multiplies the accumulator by the store location keyin store total Stores value in accumulator in the store location total print total Displays contents of the store location total on the screen stop Stops program execution keyin data 0 Initialises a store location keyin with the value 0 in it val data . 5 Initialises a store location val with the value 0. 5 in it total data 0 Initialises a store location total with the value 0 in it TOM2 1. A mobile telephone company, Odear, makes a monthly standing charge of i 12. 50 and charges 5 pence per local call. Write a TOM program that reads the amount of calls made and displays the total monthly bill. read calls Reads data inputted by keyboard and stores in the store location calls load calls Loads data from the store location calls in to the accumulator mult rate Multiplies the accumulator by the store location rate add standing Adds the store location standing to the accumulator store total Stores value in accumulator in the store location total print total Displays contents of the store location total on the screen stop Stops program execution total data. 0 Initialises a store location total with the value 0 in it calls data 0 Initialises a store location calls with the value 0 in it standing data 12. 50 Initialises a store location standing with the value 12. 50 in it rate data . 05 Initialises a store location rate with the value . 05 in it 2. Expand your program of (1) so that the program jumps back to the beginning, ready to calculate another bill instead of ending. start read calls Reads data inputted by keyboard and stores in the store location calls load calls Loads data from the store location calls in to the accumulator mult rate. Multiplies the accumulator by the store location rate add standing Adds the store location standing to the accumulator store total Stores value in accumulator in the store location total print total Displays contents of the store location total on the screen jump start Transfers control to the instruction start stop Stops program execution total data 0 Initialises a store location total with the value 0 in it calls data 0 Initialises a store location calls with the value 0 in it standing data 12. 50 Initialises a store location standing with the value 12. 50 in it rate data . 05 Initialises a store location rate with the value . 05 in it 3. What’s wrong with the program in (2)? The program has no way of ending (normally), and will therefore loop continuously. 4. Modify (2) so that if the user enters 0 for the number of units the program terminates. start read calls Reads data inputted by keyboard and stores in the store location calls load calls Loads data from the store location calls in to the accumulator sub check Subtracts the store location check from the accumulator jifz end Transfers control to the instruction end if the zero flag is set mult rate. Multiplies the accumulator by the store location rate add standing Adds the store location standing to the accumulator store total Stores value in accumulator in the store location total print total Displays contents of the store location total on the screen jump start Transfers control to the instruction start end stop Stops program execution total data 0 Initialises a store location total with the value 0 in it calls data 0 Initialises a store location calls with the value 0 in it standing data 12. 50 Initialises a store location standing with the value 12. 50 in it rate data . 05 Initialises a store location rate with the value . 05 in it check data 0 Initialises a store location check with the value 0 in it 5. Now modify (4) so that the user can tell the system how many bills to calculate and the program terminates after running that many times. read billnum Reads data inputted by keyboard and stores in the store location billnum start read calls Reads data inputted by keyboard and stores in the store location calls load calls Loads data from the store location calls in to the accumulator mult rate Multiplies the accumulator by the store location rate add standing. Adds the store location standing to the accumulator store total Stores value in accumulator in the store location total print total Displays contents of the store location total on the screen load billnum Loads data from the store location billnum in to the accumulator sub billsub Subtracts the store location billsub from the accumulator store billnum Stores value in accumulator in the store location billnum jifz end Transfers control to the instruction end if the zero flag is set jump start. Transfers control to the instruction start end stop Stops program execution total data 0 Initialises a store location total with the value 0 in it calls data 0 Initialises a store location calls with the value 0 in it standing data 12. 50 Initialises a store location standing with the value 12. 50 in it rate data . 05 Initialises a store location rate with the value . 05 in it billnum data 0 Initialises a store location billnum with the value 0 in it billsub data 1 Initialises a store location billsub with the value 1 in it 6. Finally, modify the program of (5) so that the user can first enter the price per unit, and the standing charge. Read rate Reads data inputted by keyboard and stores in the store location rate read standing Reads data inputted by keyboard and stores in the store location standing read billnum Reads data inputted by keyboard and stores in the store location billnum start read calls Reads data inputted by keyboard and stores in the store location calls load calls Loads data from the store location calls in to the accumulator mult rate Multiplies the accumulator by the store location rate add standing. Adds the store location standing to the accumulator store total Stores value in accumulator in the store location total print total Displays contents of the store location total on the screen load billnum Loads data from the store location billnum in to the accumulator sub billsub Subtracts the store location billsub from the accumulator store billnum Stores value in accumulator in the store location billnum jifz end Transfers control to the instruction end if the zero flag is set jump start. Transfers control to the instruction start end stop Stops program execution total data 0 Initialises a store location total with the value 0 in it calls data 0 Initialises a store location calls with the value 0 in it standing data 0 Initialises a store location standing with the value 0 in it rate data 0 Initialises a store location rate with the value 0 in it billnum data 0 Initialises a store location billnum with the value 0 in it billsub data 1 Initialises a store location billsub with the value 1 in it Modifications in TOM2 In question 1, the program initialises four store locations; rate to store the standard call rate of 0. 5, standing to store the standing charge of 12. 50, calls to store the number of calls made and total to store the total bill. The programs reads a value inputted by the user (number of calls), multiplies this value by the call rate, adds the standing order and displays it. Question 2 introduces a loop after the total has been displayed to the start of the program so that user may calculate another bill, this however is not ideal as there is no correct way to terminate the program normally. Question 4 combats this problem by allowing the user to enter 0 to terminate the program. This is done by introducing an additional store location called check with the value 0 assigned to it. The program subtracts check from the number of calls entered, if the result is 0 (0 – 0 = 0) then the zero flag is set, the jifz statement then transfers control to the end of the program, where it terminates normally. Question 5, in addition to the store location used in question 1 introduces two more; billnum to store the number of bills required and billsub, a store location containing the value 1. The user initially enters the number of bills required, this is stored in billnum, the program then calculates the bill in same way as question 1. After the bill has been displayed, the program subtracts billsub (1) from the number of bills, if the result is zero (ie no more bill to calculate) the zero flag is set, and using the jifz statement jumps to the end of the program. If the zero flag is not set (more bills to calculate) the program is looped back to enter more bill details. Question 6, allows the user to enter the standing charge, rate of calls and number of bills before the bills are calculated, these are stored in their respective locations (standing, rate and billnum) before the program continues to execute in the same way as question 5. CSO Tutorial 4 Exercise 2. 1 We wish to compare the performance of two different machines: M1 and M2. The following measurements have been made on these machines: Program Time on M1 Time on M2 1 10 seconds 5 seconds 2 3 seconds 4 seconds Which machine is faster for each program and by how much? For program 1, M2 is 5 seconds(or 100%) faster than M1. For program 2, M1 is 1 second (or 25%) faster than M2. Exercise 2. 2 Consider the two machines and programs in Exercise 2. 1. The following additional measurements were made: Program. Instructions executed on M1 Instructions executed on M2 1 200 x 106 160 x 106 Find the instruction execution rate (instructions per second) for each machine running program 1. Instructions executed = Instructions per second (instruction execution rate) time(seconds) M1 200000000 = 20000000 10 = 20 x 106 Instructions per second or 20 Million Instructions per second M2 160000000 = 32000000 5 = 32 x 106 Instructions per second or 32 Million Instructions per second Exercise 2. 3 If the clock rates of machines M1 and M2 in Ex 2. 1 are 200 MHz and 300 MHz respectively, find the clock cycles per instruction (CPI) for program 1 on both machines using the data in Ex 2. 1 & 2. 2. Clock rate = clock cycles per instruction (CPI) Instruction execution rate M1 200000000 = 10 clock cycles per instruction (CPI) 20000000 M2 300000000 = 9. 375 clock cycles per instruction (CPI) 32000000 Question 4 Draw a full flowchart of the final TOM program produced at the end of exercise TOM2. This should include all the instructions, loops and all the program labels in the appropriate places.

Term Paper on Advanced Theories of Urban and Regional Planning

Term Paper on Advanced Theories of Urban and Regional Planning Planning Theory The meaning of planning theory depends on the context in which it is defined. There are two categories of planning theories namely, the procedural and the substantive theories. The procedural category encompasses the theories of planning, whereas the substantive consists of the theories in planning (Galloway Mahayni, 1977, pp. 62-69).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Term Paper on Advanced Theories of Urban and Regional Planning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the procedural context, planning theory refers to the underlying ideologies, purposes, principles, and values in the planning process (Galloway Mahayni, 1977, pp. 62-69). In the substantive context, planning theory refers to the descriptive and predictive body of knowledge about the morphology and functioning of a city. Generally, planning theory can be perceived as the tools and techniques that facilitate planning processes such as da ta generation and communication. Importance of Planning Theory The main objective of planning theory is to enable planners to determine the circumstances under which human activities can lead to creation of a better city that benefits all its residence (Fainstein, 2005, pp. 121-130). In this context, planning theory has the following benefits. First, it establishes the relationship between planning procedures and the expected outcomes. This helps planners to identify appropriate planning procedures in order to achieve the desired outcomes. Second, planning theory provides guidelines for determining the attributes of an ideal city. For instance, Friedmann (2000, pp. 460-471) states that a good city should have adequate housing and affordable healthcare. By considering these elements, planners are able to meet the expectations of citizens concerning the acceptable standards of living within a city. Finally, planning theory provides a framework for choosing the best strategies for plan ning and developing a city that satisfies the needs of its residents. It facilitates identification of the bottlenecks that are likely to hinder the design and development of a good city. Types of Planning Theories There are three types of planning theories namely, the substantive, procedural, and normative theories. Procedural theory focuses on the planning process, by providing a framework for transferring knowledge into the actual activities associated with planning. Thus, it encompasses procedural issues such as making decisions, selecting participants in the planning process, and identifying the best planning processes. Substantive theory provides the knowledge base that planners use to develop city plans (Healey, 1992, pp. 143-162). It includes the theories associated with the various disciplines that are relevant in the planning process. Normative theory is concerned with the role of planning in the society. According to the normative theory, planning facilitates achievement of specific economic, historic, and political objectives that improve the lives of all citizens (Normativity in urban planning, n.d, pp. 76-99).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Justification of Planning From an economic perspective, planning is a form of intervention that is justified by the following reasons. First, planning helps in correcting market failure (Normativity in urban planning, n.d, pp. 76-99). A free market is considered to have failed if it cannot facilitate efficient and equitable distribution of goods. Public goods are often not provided by the private market because they are non-rivalrious and non-appropriable. This leads to market failure that can be avoided through planning for the provision of public goods. Second, planning helps in the prevention of negative externalities such as pollution (Normativity in urban planning, n.d, pp. 76-99). Third, the government can prevent the prisoner’s dilemma by mobilizing the citizens to combine their efforts to achieve a common goal. The prisoner’s dilemma is a situation where a person cannot achieve a certain objective by acting independently. Finally, planning helps in addressing the problem of the tragedy of the commons that occurs when a shared resource is depleted due to uncontrolled usage by its beneficiaries. This problem can be eliminated through plans that either regulate the use of the resource or expand it in response to the increase in demand. The Rational Synoptic Approach to Planning In synoptic planning, the systems perspective is adopted to articulate and to solve planning problems. This involves using mathematical models that establish the link between ends and means (Hudson, 1979, pp. 387-396). Ends refer to the objectives that planners intend to achieve through planning, whereas means refer to the available resources and the constraints associate d with the planning process. The effectiveness of synoptic planning depends on the availability of quantitative data and analytical tools that enable planners to achieve their objectives. The synoptic planning process has four stages. In the first stage, planners set the goals that they intend to achieve through planning. The second stage involves identification of the policies that can be employed to achieve the objectives of the plan (Hudson, 1979, pp. 387-396). At the third stage, the available resources (means) are evaluated against the identified objectives (ends). The fourth stage involves implementation of the policy identified in stage two. It is worth noting that planners do not have to follow these stages sequentially since they are intertwined.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Term Paper on Advanced Theories of Urban and Regional Planning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although the synoptic approach is superior to other planning methods in terms of simplicity, it has several weaknesses. To begin with, synoptic planning promotes centralization of planning activities such as problem definition and decision-making, thereby reducing the participation of the public in the planning process (Hudson, 1979, pp. 387-396). The synoptic approach fails to acknowledge the fact that some planners have cognitive limits that hinder them from developing optimum solutions. The synoptic approach is also criticized because it presumes the general public interest instead of the pluralist interest. Process Verses Outcome The democratic proceduralists believe that process is the most important element of planning. Thus, planners should always focus on following democratic procedures to develop plans that lead to achievement of public interest. This perspective is opposed by the Kantian idealists who believe that the most important aspect of planning is its outcome. In this regard, planners should foc us on the outcomes rather than the procedures used to achieve them. A third perspective in this debate is that planners should use any means to achieve their objectives as long as their intentions are ethical. They should focus on revolutionary change by developing new plans to replace existing ones. Friedmann (2000, pp. 460-471) argues that process and outcomes or ends and means should not be considered as separate elements of the planning process. He further states that both process and outcome are important in planning. Thus, planners should not focus on process at the expense of outcome and vice versa. In my view, both process and outcome are important in planning. However, democratic procedures should be followed only if they lead to achievement of the interests of the public. Similarly, the expected outcome of planning should be considered acceptable only if it is likely to satisfy the needs of the citizens. The Goodness of New York City According to Friedmann (2000, pp. 460-4 71), a good city is characterized with the flourishing of the human population, multiplicity, and good governance. The human population flourishes if the city has adequate housing, social provision, remunerated work, and affordable healthcare. In New York City, majority of the residents have housing and jobs. However, healthcare is not affordable since a large number of residents still lack health insurance to access medical services.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Multiplicity refers to â€Å"an autonomous civil life relatively free from direct supervision and control by the state† (Friedmann, 2000, pp. 460-471). New York City has met this criterion since the statutes of New York State and the constitution of the United States protect the citizens’ right to liberty and speech. This has led to the development of a vibrant civil life in New York City. The residents are free to form organizations to articulate their challenges without the interference of the state or government. Governance refers to the procedures used to make and enforce binding decisions in cities (Friedmann, 2000, pp. 460-471). New York City has good governance that focuses on transparency and responsiveness to the needs of the citizens. The governance is also inclusive since citizens have the right to participate in the formulation of policies that affect their lives through consultations. The political leaders in the city are directly elected by the citizens b ased on their inspiration and ability to create a shared vision for the electorate. In sum, New York is a good city since it has most of the attributes identified by Friedmann (2000, pp. 460-471). References Fainstein, S. (2005). Planning theory and the city. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 25(1), 121-130. Friedmann, J. (2000). The good city: In defense of utopian thinking. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 24(2), 460-471. Galloway, T., Mahayni, R. (1977). Planning theory in retrospect: The progress of paradigm change. Journal of the American Planning Association, 43(1), 62-69. Healey, P. (1992). Planning through debate: The communicative turn in planning theory. The Town Planning Review, 63(2), 143-162. Hudson, B. (1979). Comparison of current planning theories: Counterparts and contradictions . Journal of the American Planning Association, 45(4), 387-396. Normativity in urban planning. (n.d). Web.

Faster, Better, Cheaper essays

Faster, Better, Cheaper essays The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is a government agency which invents and implements aeronautical, space, and Earth science programs. NASA is currently led by an administrator, Daniel Goldin, who has done a good job leading NASA into the twenty- first century. In the early 1990s, through Goldins leadership, NASA adopted the Faster, Better, Cheaper (FBC) approach to the project management of its space and Earth science missions. The goal was to shorten development times, reduce cost, and increase the scientific return by flying more missions in less time. This goal was driven by politics and funding. Politics play an important part in NASAs management strategies and has led to many changes in management style. Politics for all intents and purposes started NASA. NASA was formed as a result of Russias Sputnik program successes. The official start of NASA was October 1, 1958. NASA inherited the earlier National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), and other government organizations, and almost immediately began working on options for human space flight. NASAs first high profile program was Project Mercury, an effort to learn if humans could survive in space, followed by Project Gemini, which built upon Mercurys successes and used a spacecraft built for two astronauts. NASAs human space flight efforts then extended to the Moon with Project Apollo, culminating in 1969 when the Apollo 11 mission first put humans on the lunar surface. After the Skylab and Apollo-Soyuz Test Projects of the early and mid-1970s, NASAs human space flight efforts resumed in 1981 with the Space Shuttle program that continues today to help build the International Space Station. In 1992, NASA Administrator Dan Goldin challenged all of NASA, including its industry and contractors, to do projects in a Faster, Better, Cheaper (FBC) mode. Moving into the last decade of t...

Free Essays on Robert Frosts Poem “Birches“

In Robert Frost’s poem â€Å"Birches† there are three distinct movements which decscribe the way things can be, the way things should be, and they way you wish things could be once more. Each of these movements is also exemplified by the use of a great deal of imagery, writing style, and usage. The first movement (between lines 1 and 20) is what I spoke of as â€Å"the way things can be.† Frost uses sayings such as, â€Å"They are dragged to the withered bracken by the load, And they seem not to break; though once they are bowed So low for long, they never right themselves.† This quote is saying that the weather beaten or â€Å"forced† limbs find themselves weakened. They are not broken, but forever changed by the battering of a nature that seems to be so beautifully cruel to them. They seem to have been loved not by a human’s touch, but by a colder source. The imagery Frost uses to show the stress and strain put on the branches by the force of nature allows the reader to picture something being forever altered by the span of time. He compares the ice metaphorically to â€Å"heaps of broken glass.† Broken glass tends to be an image of chaos, disorder, or unhappiness. His tone in this passage speaks to me as if the situation is bea utiful, yet at the same time somewhat of a waste of a birch branch yearning for human touch. These birch branches receive a different treatment in the second movement (lines 21 to 40), which I’ve deemed â€Å"the way things should be.† The initial lines personify truth. Truth and reality are what the first movement is bent upon. Yet, Frost points out that he wishes the â€Å"birch†, which I’ve come to understand symbolizes the human capability of life and learning, could have such a different fate than one laden with ice and burdon bent branches. The human spirit comes to live and learn in many different situations. The boy is able to take on his tree, and learn from it. Starting from the b... Free Essays on Robert Frost's Poem â€Å"Birchesâ€Å" Free Essays on Robert Frost's Poem â€Å"Birchesâ€Å" In Robert Frost’s poem â€Å"Birches† there are three distinct movements which decscribe the way things can be, the way things should be, and they way you wish things could be once more. Each of these movements is also exemplified by the use of a great deal of imagery, writing style, and usage. The first movement (between lines 1 and 20) is what I spoke of as â€Å"the way things can be.† Frost uses sayings such as, â€Å"They are dragged to the withered bracken by the load, And they seem not to break; though once they are bowed So low for long, they never right themselves.† This quote is saying that the weather beaten or â€Å"forced† limbs find themselves weakened. They are not broken, but forever changed by the battering of a nature that seems to be so beautifully cruel to them. They seem to have been loved not by a human’s touch, but by a colder source. The imagery Frost uses to show the stress and strain put on the branches by the force of nature allows the reader to picture something being forever altered by the span of time. He compares the ice metaphorically to â€Å"heaps of broken glass.† Broken glass tends to be an image of chaos, disorder, or unhappiness. His tone in this passage speaks to me as if the situation is bea utiful, yet at the same time somewhat of a waste of a birch branch yearning for human touch. These birch branches receive a different treatment in the second movement (lines 21 to 40), which I’ve deemed â€Å"the way things should be.† The initial lines personify truth. Truth and reality are what the first movement is bent upon. Yet, Frost points out that he wishes the â€Å"birch†, which I’ve come to understand symbolizes the human capability of life and learning, could have such a different fate than one laden with ice and burdon bent branches. The human spirit comes to live and learn in many different situations. The boy is able to take on his tree, and learn from it. Starting from the b...

Elasticity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Elasticity - Essay Example The essay explains the three elements of elasticity and their respective implication on the organisations. By elaborating on the different needs of elasticity the essays proposes to identify the implications of the concepts on the organisations. Furthermore, with the use of examples, the paper intends to illustrate the different concepts that are related with the practical implications of the same on the organisational backdrop. The ‘price elasticity of demand’ is defined as â€Å"is the ratio of the percentage change in the quantity demanded of a commodity to a percentage change in price† (Jain, & Ohri, 2010). Price is one of the most important factors that determine the amount of goods that is likely to be demanded by the consumers. The change in price of a product has a direct impact on the overall demand of a consumer. This measure of elasticity helps in identifying the sensitivity of consumers based on their individual needs of demanding a particular product as per the change in price. The price elastic goods are often noted to be having a huge shift in the quantity demanded based on a slight shift in the price of the product. It is noted that determination of price of a commodity in the economy is quite significant (Hirschey, 2008). Price elasticity is the most common type of elasticity of demand and is measured in terms of the reaction that a product has towards change in price. T he following equation helps in determining the measure of price elasticity of demand. The above equation illustrate that the price elasticity of demand helps in measuring the sensitivity of a product towards percentage change in quantity demanded based on price. The same could be justified using graphical representation. The graph depicts that at A the price of the commodity is denoted by P whereas the demand of the commodity is denoted as Q. Notably, with the fall in the price of commodity from P to P1 the quantity of the commodity

The New Safety Program Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The New Safety Program - Research Paper Example In this case, the physically challenged and clumsy people would be omitted as well as the illiterate and those that do not observe instruction with an aim of reducing accidents. In order to get employees to act safely at work, the employees should come up with rules to be observed and closely monitor the activities of the employees. Besides this, they should create a cut-off from the employees’ salaries for insurance in case of such risks at work. To ensure that those who need to wear goggle put them on; the owners should ensure their availability and educate the employees on the need for personal protection and safety (Shady, 2007). Owners should warn employees that in the case of an accident occurrence, should they fail to observe the safety measures, then they stand to bear the consequences and not the employing firm. Shady, K. (2007). An ergonomic look at facility laundry rooms: Kim Shady offers advice on creating a safe and employee-friendly laundry through ergonomics. Nursing Homes by Kim Shady, Focus on

Leadership styles in the public service (public service for example Essay

Leadership styles in the public service (public service for example police, fire service, etc) - Essay Example (SWAITHE, 2001, 26-27). Successful tactical management / leadership turn out to be more important as the pressures for larger implementation and restructuring required of law enforcement organisations, as police leadership entails an innovative approach to these demands. The law enforcement officers normally are under the direction of paramilitary and bureaucratic models of leadership, which models are represented by the extremely centralised and managed theories that police function is quantifiable and controllable. In this respect to deal with growing environmental and technological ambiguities, several agencies transformed to a specialized or post-bureaucratic model of leadership. This style of leadership involves an outstanding methodology to conceptualising organisational public management. Contemporary manners of law enforcement leadership facilitate a decentralisation of commitment, authority, power, and decision-making, together with community concern and assessment. (ROGERS, 2008, 38-39). A better-suggested style of leadership that can possibly help law enforcement agencies as they progress in an environment transformation is Spiritual Leadership Style. This is a fundamental leadership concept for organisational change planned to generate an inherently stimulated, learning organisation. The principle of Spiritual Leadership is to initiate vision and value similarity across the strategic, empowered team and levels of individual and, finally, to promote advanced stages of organisational dedication and efficiency. Spiritual Leadership consists of the values, attitudes, and behaviours that one must assume to inherently motivate oneself and others in order that both have a feeling of spiritual endurance through calling and membership. Furthermore, the Spiritual Leadership paradigm offers an integrating Framework for a police department's transformation struggle, specifically as it associates to growing stages of inherent motivation, dedication, productivity, and employee well-being. Leadership style pertains to the prototype of behaviour a leader applies across the full diversity of leadership circumstances. Evaluating all the variables which influence the efficiency of the work environment and the optional effort prioritized by the group, Leadership Style demonstrates the greatest influence. The extensiveness of a leader's collection of styles establishes his or her efficiency. Leaders descend toward styles that are considered natural to them, and may limit themselves to only those styles that appear naturally. What feels natural is principally determined by the leader's individual proficiencies. In Leadership Style, there is no accurate or erroneous as the most successful style relies on, and differs according to the mission, people, and circumstance to deal with. These styles are comparatively successful depending on the characteristics of the circumstance, such as: 1) experience of the team; 2) employee strengths and weaknesses; 3) intricacy of the mission; 4) time pressures; 5) risk associated with deviation from performance; and resources available (time and people). (THIBAULT ET AL, 2004, 53-54). Whilst managers deal a limitless range of leadership circumstances, research has revealed that there are basically six

Child Labor in the Victorian Age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Compare medieval students with your own student life Research Paper

Compare medieval students with your own student life - Research Paper Example hat was practiced in the middle ages thus could be viewed as a Christian doctrine fronted by those who were apologetic for Christianity as a religion and as such had it thinly disguised as some form f philosophy (Kenny, 56). This essay therefore seeks to discuss medieval philosophy giving comparison and contrasts between the medieval students and my own student life. Medieval students were expected to act within the doctrines of Christianity. This was the philosophy that required an individual student to take responsibility for the evil conducted. Medieval philosophy talks about free will and the choices people make about what they do and priority over what should be made superior over the other (Kenny, 62). As such students conduct and actions were expected to be guided by this philosophy. The students were expected to live a life that is guided by these doctrines. They were rules set about dress cords and regulated flamboyant dressing. This students were restricted from staying around with lose women as well as staying up all hours. There mannerism and behavior was controlled using the Christian doctrine as would have been seen today to be theological. The medieval students unlike the student’s life we enjoy today had a lot of respect for the laws that were established in their institutions. The development and growth of the universities including increase in population however brought changes which can now be seen as contributors to the similarities we share today like the strikes and brawling as well as drinking that characterizes our universities today. The lives of the medieval students socially pale in comparison with that of my student life. There was a lot of patronizing and strictness about the school rules and students were monitored and chastened in a Christian way of life. This days things are different, students are a all about their freedom and liberty. The fact that most of them are in college at an adult age makes them want to express their

Child Labor in the Victorian Age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Child Labor in the Victorian Age - Essay Example Unfortunately, as many of those in the government were for child labor, many laws and rules stayed the same, continuing to endanger the children in their workplaces. As most of the businesses during the Victorian age were industrial and factorial, "these were the places of employment that children were limited to and forced to work, so the working conditions were horrid, and not just for the children but for their elders as well (Horn, 1997)". In many instances, such as the coalmines and gas companies, the children worked amongst harmful gases and other potentially dangerous vapors. The outdoor industries, such as shipyards and construction sites, found the children working outside in all manners of temperature and weather conditions, from heat to the icy winters, harsh sunshine to foot upon foot of snow (Damrosch, 1104). As these children often came from poor families, they were unable to afford the proper attire to keep them protected during the changing weather conditions. Other dangers that were presented to the children simply came from the areas in which they worked. On a construction site or a shipyard, there was always the fear of falling beams or walls, stepping on nails, which often led to severe infections that caused disease such as tetanus, which could not be cured during that time and the children often died from it. The children were constantly at risk for getting injured in their workplace; they were too young to be properly aware of all these dangers, and the elders took little concern to the well-being of these children, with many of the elders viewing the children as disposable - it would not be difficult to hire another child if need be. In fact, most of the injuries and deaths on the job during the Victorian age were children, and neglect or unchecked safety issues often caused these. The children, as with the older workers, received few, if any, breaks during their workdays. They were permitted meals at the proper times, but those

Animal testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Animal testing - Essay Example According to Matthew Scully in his work ‘Dominion’, it is clearly shown that people should employ the principles of mercy on all living things. This principle gives guidelines on why and how humans should not at any point inflict pain or suffering on them except for protection. This is because animals and humans cannot be compared because the animals are unequal and powerless when compared to men. For this reason, they should be treated with kindness and avoid inflicting pain on them. According to science, human beings evolved from other animals and should not claim to have dominion over them. It is not right because evolution forces have it clearly indicated that people lack an innate-historical claim to dominion. Therefore, the history of human beings cannot be considered innately superior since all humans evolved from different animals. In addition, it is essential to realize that animals have their lives that are independent and should not be used as servants of

Recent Trends in Hrm Essay Example for Free

Recent Trends in Hrm Essay Indian organizations are also witnessing a change in systems, management cultures and philosophy due to the global alignment of Indian organizations. There is a need for multi skill development. Role of HRM is becoming all the more important. Some of the recent trends that are being observed are as follows: †¢ The recent quality management standards ISO 9001 and ISO 9004 of 2000 focus more on people centric organizations. Organizations now need to prepare themselves in order to address people centered issues with commitment from the top management, with renewed thrust on HR issues, more particularly on training. Charles Handy also advocated future organizational models like Shamrock, Federal and Triple I. Such organizational models also refocus on people centric issues and call for redefining the future role of HR professionals. †¢ To leapfrog ahead of competition in this world of uncertainty, organizations have introduced six- sigma practices. Six- sigma uses rigorous analytical tools with leadership from the top and develops a method for sustainable improvement. These practices improve organizational values and helps in creating defect free product or services at minimum cost. Human resource outsourcing is a new accession that makes a traditional HR department redundant in an organization. Exult, the international pioneer in HR BPO already roped in Bank of America, international players BP Amoco over the years plan to spread their business to most of the Fortune 500 companies. †¢ With the increase of global job mobility, recruiting competent people is also increasingly becoming difficult, especially in India. Therefore by creating an enabling culture, organizations are also required to work out a retention strategy for the existing skilled manpower. NEW TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL HRM International HRM places greater emphasis on a number of responsibilities and functions such as relocation, orientation and translation services to help employees adapt to a new and different environment outside their own country. Selection of employees requires careful evaluation of the personal characteristics of the candidate and his/her spouse. Training and development extends beyond information and orientation training to include sensitivity training and field experiences that will enable the manager to understand cultural differences better. Managers need to be protected from career development risks, re-entry problems and culture shock. To balance the pros and cons of home country and host country evaluations, performance evaluations should combine the two sources of appraisal information. Compensation systems should support the overall strategic intent of the organization but should be customized for local conditions. In many European countries Germany for one, law establishes representation. Organizations typically negotiate the agreement with the unions at a national level. In Europe it is more likely for salaried employees and managers to be unionized. HR Managers should do the following things to ensure success- †¢ Use workforce skills and abilities in order to exploit environmental opportunities and neutralize threats. †¢ Employ innovative reward plans that recognize employee contributions and grant enhancements. †¢ Indulge in continuous quality improvement through TQM and HR contributions like training, development, counseling, etc †¢ Utilize people with distinctive capabilities to create unsurpassed competence in an area, e. g. Xerox in photocopiers, 3M in adhesives, Telco in trucks etc. †¢ Lay off workers in a smooth way explaining facts to unions, workers and other affected groups e. g. IBM, Kodak, Xerox, etc. HR Managers today are focusing attention on the following- †¢ Policies- HR policies based on trust, openness, equity and consensus. †¢ Motivation- Create conditions in which people are willing to work with zeal, initiative and enthusiasm; make people feel like winners. †¢ Relations- Fair treatment of people and prompt redress of grievances would pave the way for healthy work-place relations. Change agent- Prepare workers to accept technological changes by clarifying doubts. †¢ Quality Consciousness- Commitment to quality in all aspects of personnel administration will ensure success. †¢ Due to the new trends in HR, in a nutshell the HR manager should treat people as resources, reward them equitably, and integrate their aspirations with corporate goals through suitable à ‚  India is being widely recognized as one of the most exciting emerging economics in the world. Besides becoming a global hub of outsourcing, Indian firms are spreading their wings globally through mergers and acquisitions. During the first four months of 1997, Indian companies have bought 34 foreign companies for about U. S. $11 billion dollars. This impressive development has been due to a growth in inputs (capital and labor) as well as factor productivity. By the year 2020, India is expected to add about 250 million to its labour pool at the rate of about 18 million a year, which is more than the entire labour force of Germany. This so called ‘demographic dividend’ has drawn a new interest in the Human Resource concepts and practices in India. Indian HRM in Transition One of the noteworthy features of the Indian workplace is demographic uniqueness. It is estimated that both China and India will have a population of 1. 45 billion people by 2030; however, India will have a larger workforce than China. Indeed, it is likely India will have 986 million people of working age in 2030, which will probably be about 300 million more than in 2007. And by 2050, it is expected India will have 230 million more workers than China and about 500 million more than the United States of America (U. S. ). It may be noted that half of India’s current population of 1. 1 billion people are under of 25 years of age. While this fact is a demographic dividend for the economy, it is also a danger sign for the country’s ability to create new jobs at an unprecedented rate. With the retirement age being 55 to 58 years of age in most public sector organizations, Indian workplaces are dominated by youth. Increasing the etirement age in critical areas like universities, schools, hospitals, research institutions and public service is a topic of considerable current debate and agenda of political parties. The divergent view, that each society has a unique set of national nuances, which guide particular managerial beliefs and actions, is being challenged in Indian society. An emerging dominant perspective is the influence of globalization on technological advancements, business management, and education and communication infrastructures are leading to a converging effect on managerial mindsets and business behaviors. And when India embraced liberalization and economic reform in the early 1990s, dramatic changes were set in motion in terms of corporate mindsets and HRM practices as a result of global imperatives and accompanying changes in societal priorities. Indeed, the onset of a burgeoning competitive service sector compelled a demographic shift in worker educational status and heightened the demand for job relevant skills as well as regional diversity. Expectedly, there has been a marked shift towards valuing human resources (HR) in Indian organizations as they become increasingly strategy driven as opposed to the culture of the status quo.

Dementia: Impact of and Support Needs

Dementia: Impact of and Support Needs Task 3 A. People with Dementia 3.1.A In your own words explain the differing consequences of an impairment or type of disability in relation to: a. Individual A person with dementia faces a number of different challenges. Apart from the most well known effect of the disease which is gradual memory loss, the most basic of things and or activities are difficult for them to perform. Dementia affects a person’s mental and physical abilities thus manifesting in a demented person’s inability to perform activities of daily living in an effective and efficient fashion. Apart from this, a person with dementia also has difficulty with communication. They are not able to effectively communicate what they want to say which often results to frustration and fits of aggressiveness. Furthermore, this also results to poor social interaction with others. They are not able to carry meaningful conversations and they may feel that they are often misunderstood which isolates them and withdraws them from the things which they used to enjoy doing. They may also manifest various behavior changes which they are not aware of. b. The family/whanau Taking care of a dementia person is very difficult- especially if they are your family member. The care and support they need will be permanent which means that it may cause various financial problems for the family. In the later stages of dementia, the client will need professional support which will need more finances from the family. Also, the client will need constant attention and support which may cause stress on the part of the family. They may lose their social life because their time is eaten up by their responsibilities with taking care of the client. Family members may neglect themselves and this may cause various health problems for them. They will be under so much stress and this may most likely lead to burn out. c. The carers The carers face a very challenging task when taking care of a dementia client. They have to make sure that the client is watched over constantly, that the medications are given on time and they also have to consider a lot of safety measures because dementia clients tend to wander throughout the day. Furthermore, taking care of a dementia client is a long term task; thus, this may also lead to high levels of stress and eventually burn out for the carers. Dementia clients may exhibit challenging behaviors and this may frustrate carers. 3.2 A The progression/development of the signs and symptoms (conditions/disease pathway) associated with the specific group chosen. Dementia is not a specific disease. It is a term used for an overall term used for a wide variety of symptoms which are all associated to a progressive loss of memory and or cognitive skills which to an extent affects a person’s ability to perform normal everyday tasks. This disease is caused by damage in the brain. The slow and ongoing damage to the brain is caused by a build-up of abnormal proteins in the brain. This abnormal build-up is different for various types of dementia Symptoms of dementia usually start slow and gradually get worse which are evident in varying stages of the disease- mild, moderate, severe. At differing extent, clients with dementia experience a progressive deterioration in their cognitive function- to include their memory, cognition, communication and judgment. 3.3.A In your own words discuss the way in which the impairment impacts on the diverse dynamics of the family/whanau A dementia client’s family often faces various difficulties. The impairment affects the family dynamics due to the difficulty of looking after a demented member. They will face financial constraints because they would have to pay for medications and support which the client needs. This task also involves a lot of physical efforts, thus it may lead to high levels of stress and burnout. Family activities may be disrupted and the member’s social life may be affected because their time will be greatly focused on looking after their family member with dementia. Furthermore, the stress of role reversal is also present- the children who were once taken cared of by their parents now have to step up to the role and take care of them. The way in which the individual, family/whanau and carers interact and respond to evolving stressors a. Individual The client will exhibit more challenging behaviors which may affect their safety. Their forgetfulness may progress and worsen. They may also have more episodes of aggression due to increased frustration from their current situation. They may be irritable throughout the day and be more difficult to handle them. The high levels of stress may also worsen their difficulty in communicating with others. They may find it harder to express their emotions and needs. b. Family/whanau Family members may feel higher levels of stress which may lead to burn out. They may feel that the responsibility is too much for them to handle. Family members may seek the help of other relatives or carers in handling the client. They may experience high anxiety and not be willing to engage in social activities with others. c. Carers The clients may exhibit more challenging behaviors which mean that the task at hand for the carers become more difficult. They will be under higher levels of stress and anxiety. As a result, they may feel burn out and may need some time off from work. Furthermore, they may also seek the help of their other colleagues to handle the client. The way in which the Code of Rights is applied to the specific group of people selected a. Right to be treated with respect- Even if the client is suffering from dementia, he still has to be treated with respect because he is a human being. Carers must always provide privacy when doing their cares and their choices must also be given proper importance. b. Right to freedom from discrimination, coercion, harassment and exploitation- Clients should be treated equally. No matter their race or gender, they should receive equal care and support from their carers. They should also not be coerced to do things which are out of their will. For example, if the client refuses to shower, he must not be given false promises just to comply. Measures should always be taken to make sure that their dignity is maintained at all times. Privacy is very important when doing cares. c. Right to effective communication- It may be difficult to communicate with a client with dementia but it is their right to be communicated to in an effective manner. It is the duty of the carers to make sure that effective ways to communicate with the client is adapted and used when dealing with them. This ensures that their needs and concerns are acknowledged. For example, if the client is slow in picking up things which are said to them, the carer should talk slowly and clearly and if needed, repeat what they are saying to make sure that the client has understood. d. Right to support- Clients have the right to be visited by their families for support. It is actually a big help to them if they are constantly around people who they trust. Families should be permitted to visit the client openly. Contact numbers of family members should be available in order to easily contact them when the client wants to see them. e. Right to services of an appropriate standard- Facilities which house dementia clients must provide the appropriate services which they need. The carers must be trained to handle these types of clients to ensure that the care delivered is appropriate and beneficial. Proper equipment should also be used for clients according to their different needs. For example, if a dementia client needs a walker or a hoist for transfers, carers must make sure that these are used and available for them. -The needs (support and other) which you have identified for the specific group of people selected. People with dementia have a number of different needs. Some of which are the following: Speech and language therapist- to help them in their communicating difficulties. They also need support in doing various activities of daily living such as getting dressed, taking a bath and eating because they often cannot do these themselves. However, it is also important to allow them to do things which they can do for themselves. Occupational therapist to help and encourage them in participating in various activities which helps them improve their social skills. They should also be assisted in engaging in meaningful and positive interaction with other people/residents. Support must also be focused on helping clients maintain their quality of life. Medication management is also important to help control some symptoms or effects of the disease to worsen such as episodes of aggression/anxiety. Their family and carers should also be aware of the support available to them. This can be done by awareness programs and other types of educational support. The people handling them should also be aware of the importance of constant check-ups with their respective doctors in order to be aware of the progression of the disease. 3.4.A References: Alzheimers New Zealand; 2012; Progression of Dementia; retrieved from: http://www.alzheimers.org.nz/about-dementia/progression-of-dementia Alzheimer’s Association; 2014; What is Dementia?; retrieved from: http://www.alz.org/what-is-dementia.asp Alzheimer’s Society; 2014; The Progression of Dementia; retrieved from: http://www.alzheimers.org.uk/progression/ Alzheimer’s Society; 2014; Caring for a Person with Dementia; retrieved from: http://alzheimers.org.uk/Caring_for_someone_with_dementia/ B. People with autism spectrum disorders 3.1.B In your own words explain the differing consequences of an impairment or type of disability in relation to: a. Individual People affected with autism spectrum disorder are often regarded as different from the whole. Although it is not readily admitted, it is inevitable that these clients do face social discrimination at a certain extent especially from people who lack enough knowledge about their disorder. It is often hard for clients to form social bonds because they often behave differently- depending on the type of disorder that they have. Most clients exhibit challenging behaviors such as tantrums, mood swings and aggression. Clients also face a number of physical difficulties. Most conditions under the autism spectrum disorder cause the individual to not be able to perform daily tasks for themselves, making them dependent on family members and carers. b. The family/whanau The family may be under a lot of stress as they take care of a loved one with autism. As mentioned, clients with this disorder often exhibit challenging behavior, thus it can be very tiring and sometimes frustrating to care for them. Family members will have to look after them constantly to ensure their safety and cater to their needs. Financial constraint will also be another problem. Because of the task at hand, family members may neglect themselves and their health. They may focus all their time on the client and forget to live a life of their own. This will affect their social relationships and oftentimes, their work as well. Furthermore, parents may also feel self-blame. They may think that their child’s condition is their fault. c. The carers The carers will most likely feel stress which may lead to burn out. It is not easy to care for autistic clients. They have to constantly consider safety measures and always help them with various tasks. It will require much patience from carers. However, they may feel frustrated especially during days when clients exhibit challenging behaviors. It will also be a struggle for them to understand what the client needs because most autistic clients have speech impairments. So, the carers should always be sensitive to the needs of the client because they may not be able to voice these out. 3.2.B The progression/development of the signs and symptoms (conditions/disease pathway) associated with the specific group chosen. ASD is a developmental disorder which directly affects a child’s communication skills, social skills and behavior. The cause of this disease is still unknown but studies show that it may be caused by several factors. Among these factors may be developmental factors and genetic factors. Children with ASD think and behave differently compared to other children. They view the world differently. They find it difficult to speak and understand others when they are spoken to. It is also difficult for them to express themselves through proper body language- they can often be misunderstood. They have poor social skills which causes isolation and withdrawal from other people. Children with ASD also have difficulty thinking and behaving flexibly. They may engage in unusual behavior and sometimes may do things repetitive things. Furthermore, they also experience various developmental delays. 3.3.B In your own words discuss the way in which the impairment impacts on the diverse dynamics of the family/whanau ASD affects the family member’s dynamics in different ways. It is clear that having a child with ASD in the family is not easy. They may have to adjust family activities to suit the needs of the client. The family may also face social isolation because other people may not understand what it is like to take care of a child with ASD. Also, since children with ASD are often regarded as different, the family may also experience judgment from other people and this may have a huge impact to their emotional well-being. Family members also face financial problems because so much is required to take care of a child with ASD. Studies also show that parents who have kids affected with ASD are at a greater risk for mental and physical health problems compared to other parents. Furthermore, with all these difficulties, family members are placed under high levels of stress, which may be the reason why their health is often affected. The way in which the individual, family/whanau and carers interact and respond to evolving stressors a. Individual The client may exhibit more challenging behaviors such as flapping and rocking; or something more aggressive such as throwing things or biting. They may also throw tantrums more often making it harder for the people who handle them. The client may also experience high levels of anxiety and or depression due to their current situation; because they may feel that they are not being understood by people around them. b. Family/whanau Family members will experience physical exhaustion. They will be stressed out and this may lead to burnout. They may not be willing to go out and interact in social activities because their time is eaten up by taking care of the client. Because they will be socially isolated, this may lead to depression. Furthermore, due to the high levels of pressure, they may seek the help of other relatives to support them in looking after the client. c. Carers The growing levels of stress will greatly affect carers. They are the ones who will interact with the client most of the time. They have to make sure they always implement adequate safety measures. Their stress may lead to burnout if they are continuously exposed to challenging behavior. As a result, they may be frustrated and appear to be irritable at work. They may also seek the help of other colleagues to assist them. The way in which the Code of Rights is applied to the specific group of people selected a. Right to be treated with respect- Clients must always be treated with respect despite how different they may seem. Clients with ASD are often hard to understand without adequate knowledge of the disease but even then, they should be seen as fellow human beings who have the right to be respected as everyone is. They should not be laughed at and their personal needs should be given importance. When doing cares, privacy should be provided at all times. b. Rights to freedom from discrimination, coercion, harassment and exploitation- Children with ASD may face discrimination from others and this should not be the case. They should not be perceived as of lower standards. They deserve to be treated as every person will be treated. They should also not be talked into doing things which they do not agree with. Furthermore, they have the right to be protected from any form of harassment and exploitation; especially those of the young age, because they cannot perceive if a person is taking advantage of them. c. Right to effective communication- Clients with ASD may be hard to communicate with but they have the right to be communicated to in an effective manner. Thus, it is the carers task to make sure that the communication difficulties of the client is assessed and appropriate strategies is used when interacting with them. This ensures that their needs and concerns are taken cared of. The carer must make sure they talk clearly to the client. They have to be patient and repeat sentences for them if the client has not understood what has been said. d. Right to support- The clients have the right to have support. This may be family or friends or other people who care for them. They should be given the chance to interact with people who they trust. This may lessen their frustrations and episodes of aggression. Family members must also be informed of the importance of their presence and support to the clients. Regular visits should be encouraged. e. Rights in respect of teaching and research- If a client is to be used for a certain study or research, it is important that they consent to it- or that a family member consents to it. It is also important to treat them with respect when talking about their condition. Even if they are to be used as subjects, it is their right to keep their identity if they wish to do so. Normally, this is more ideal. -The needs (support and other) which you have identified for the specific group of people selected. People with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have a number of different needs. Some of which are the following: Speech and language therapist- to help the client improve their speech They should be encouraged to engage in behavior modification programs to help develop positive behavior. Medication management- carers/family members should make sure that their medications are taken on time. They should be cared for in a safe environment. Support people must work towards eliminating possible hazards to the client. They should have regular check ups with their physician to assess the disease progress. Support must be given with regards to various activities of daily living. Clients should also be encouraged to participate in appropriate activities which will help develop their social skills. 3.4.B References: Ministry of Health; 2014; Autism Spectrum Disorder; retrieved from: https://www.health.govt.nz/your-health/conditions-and-treatments/disabilities/autism-spectrum-disorder kidshealth.org.nz; 2005-2014; Autism Spectrum Disorder; retrieved from: http://www.kidshealth.org.nz/autism-spectrum-disorder-asd Autism New Zealand; 2014; About Autism; retrieved from: http://www.autismnz.org.nz/about_autism National Institute of Mental Health; 2014; What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?; retrieved from: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml Nur Anne Piccio; SN:14160101; Ageing and Disability Task3Page 1

Flat Tax Essay -- Economics

Flat Tax1 Current Tax System The current income tax system is very complex. It is so complex; that the IRS publishes 480 tax forms then they publish another 280 forms that explains the 480 forms. â€Å"The IRS sends out eight billion pages of forms and instructions each year, which, if laid end to end, would circle the earth 28 times. Nearly 300,000 trees are cut down each year to produce the paper on which IRS forms and instructions are printed† (Armey, Shelby). The main reason the tax code is so complex is the proliferation of deductions, credits and other special preferences in the tax law. Taxpayers with similar incomes can pay vastly different amounts in taxes because of these loopholes. This uneven treatment of taxpayers is fundamentally unfair to those who do not know the loopholes and is at odds with the American value of equality under the law. â€Å"According to a study by an economist with the Congressional Research Service, the corporate income tax costs the economy more in lost producti on than it raises in revenue for the Treasury. Dale Jorgenson, the chairman of the Economics Department at Harvard University, found that each extra dollar the government raises through the current system costs the economy $1.39† (Armey, Shelby). A typical American family pays more in taxes then they spend on shelter, clothing, food and transportation combined. Taxes now represent a larger share of the U.S. economy than ever before. â€Å"The American people are beleaguered by the highest tax burden in American history† (Armey, Shelby). During the last few decades, the tax burden has risen dramatically on families with children. High taxes have implemented unparalleled growth in government. With the exception of Japan and the United States, the U.S. public sector now is larger than the entire economy of any country in the world. The Flat Tax Solution The Armey-Shelby flat tax (H.R. 1040) rejects the entire income tax code and replaces it with a flat-rate income tax that treats all Americans equally. The flat rate would not be in full effect until its third year, with a 20 percent rate for the first two years and a 17 percent rate for following years. According to the advocates, this plan would break down the tax code, promote economic opportunity, and reinstate fairness and integrity to the tax system. Individuals and businesses would pay the same... ...ay work if the flaws were worked out and the tax did treat everyone equal, but until then the current tax system seems to be a better choice. Bibliography: Works Cited Armey, Dick. â€Å"Flat Tax – Not Just a Distant Dream.† WWW.Flattax.gov. Http://Flattax.house.gov/armey/article/insight.asp Armey, Dick and Shelby, Richard. â€Å"A Comprehensive Plan to Shrink the Government and Grow the Economy.† The Freedom and Fairness Restoration Act. March 9, 1999. Http://flattax.house.gov/proposal/flat-sum.asp Beach, William W. and Mitchell, Daniel J. â€Å"How the Armey-Shelby Flat Tax Would Affect the Middle Class.† The Heritage Foundation. F.Y.I. No. 90. March 12, 1996. http://flattax.house.gov/others/heritage/fyi90.asp The Doctor Is In – Flat Tax. http://freedom.house.gov/survival/flattax.asp Dunn, Douglas. â€Å"Flat Tax Fiasco.† Word Wizards communications. 2001. http://www.wordwiz72.com/flattax.html Lubick, Donald. Treasury News From the office of public affairs. February 5, 1998. http://www.ustreas.gov/press/releases/pr2201.htm Schaefer, Rebecca S. â€Å" Straight Talk about the Flat Tax.† WWW.Flattax.gov. Http://Flattax.house.gov/others/cse/stratlk.asp Flat Tax Essay -- Economics Flat Tax1 Current Tax System The current income tax system is very complex. It is so complex; that the IRS publishes 480 tax forms then they publish another 280 forms that explains the 480 forms. â€Å"The IRS sends out eight billion pages of forms and instructions each year, which, if laid end to end, would circle the earth 28 times. Nearly 300,000 trees are cut down each year to produce the paper on which IRS forms and instructions are printed† (Armey, Shelby). The main reason the tax code is so complex is the proliferation of deductions, credits and other special preferences in the tax law. Taxpayers with similar incomes can pay vastly different amounts in taxes because of these loopholes. This uneven treatment of taxpayers is fundamentally unfair to those who do not know the loopholes and is at odds with the American value of equality under the law. â€Å"According to a study by an economist with the Congressional Research Service, the corporate income tax costs the economy more in lost producti on than it raises in revenue for the Treasury. Dale Jorgenson, the chairman of the Economics Department at Harvard University, found that each extra dollar the government raises through the current system costs the economy $1.39† (Armey, Shelby). A typical American family pays more in taxes then they spend on shelter, clothing, food and transportation combined. Taxes now represent a larger share of the U.S. economy than ever before. â€Å"The American people are beleaguered by the highest tax burden in American history† (Armey, Shelby). During the last few decades, the tax burden has risen dramatically on families with children. High taxes have implemented unparalleled growth in government. With the exception of Japan and the United States, the U.S. public sector now is larger than the entire economy of any country in the world. The Flat Tax Solution The Armey-Shelby flat tax (H.R. 1040) rejects the entire income tax code and replaces it with a flat-rate income tax that treats all Americans equally. The flat rate would not be in full effect until its third year, with a 20 percent rate for the first two years and a 17 percent rate for following years. According to the advocates, this plan would break down the tax code, promote economic opportunity, and reinstate fairness and integrity to the tax system. Individuals and businesses would pay the same... ...ay work if the flaws were worked out and the tax did treat everyone equal, but until then the current tax system seems to be a better choice. Bibliography: Works Cited Armey, Dick. â€Å"Flat Tax – Not Just a Distant Dream.† WWW.Flattax.gov. Http://Flattax.house.gov/armey/article/insight.asp Armey, Dick and Shelby, Richard. â€Å"A Comprehensive Plan to Shrink the Government and Grow the Economy.† The Freedom and Fairness Restoration Act. March 9, 1999. Http://flattax.house.gov/proposal/flat-sum.asp Beach, William W. and Mitchell, Daniel J. â€Å"How the Armey-Shelby Flat Tax Would Affect the Middle Class.† The Heritage Foundation. F.Y.I. No. 90. March 12, 1996. http://flattax.house.gov/others/heritage/fyi90.asp The Doctor Is In – Flat Tax. http://freedom.house.gov/survival/flattax.asp Dunn, Douglas. â€Å"Flat Tax Fiasco.† Word Wizards communications. 2001. http://www.wordwiz72.com/flattax.html Lubick, Donald. Treasury News From the office of public affairs. February 5, 1998. http://www.ustreas.gov/press/releases/pr2201.htm Schaefer, Rebecca S. â€Å" Straight Talk about the Flat Tax.† WWW.Flattax.gov. Http://Flattax.house.gov/others/cse/stratlk.asp